For years, Poland has faced a shortage of skilled workers in professions such as teachers, doctors, nurses, engineers, and caregivers for the elderly. Ukrainian workers can help address this shortage, but they must first go through a difficult process of diploma recognition and qualification validation. The Polish Center for International Aid (PCPM) supports Ukrainians in this process. The presence of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian citizens presents a significant social challenge but also an opportunity for Poland’s economic growth and demographic resilience. Many refugees, as well as earlier economic migrants, start by working below their qualifications due to the need to find immediate employment and bureaucratic hurdles. The Polish labor market struggles with a shortage of workers in certain professions, as indicated by the "Barometr Zawodów" report, which highlights 29 out of 168 deficit professions, including highly qualified roles in healthcare. However, only 3% of all work permits for foreigners in 2023 were for high-skilled professions, likely due to the need for diploma authentication and proficiency in Polish. PCPM assists with this process by helping workers, especially teachers, to recognize their diplomas and gain additional qualifications through supplementary courses. The focus of PCPM's programs is on supporting teachers and professionals from key sectors such as healthcare, engineering, and IT. Differences in education systems between Ukraine and Poland sometimes require additional post-graduate studies or pedagogical courses to meet qualification standards. The PCPM helps Ukrainians through this process, enabling them to work in their trained professions, thus providing a valuable contribution to Poland’s economy. As Poland’s population ages, the shortage of skilled workers will likely worsen, making the integration of Ukrainian professionals even more crucial.

In recent years, Western European governments have increasingly embraced strategies to promote equality between migrants and EU nationals in key policy areas. One emerging trend in integration policy is mainstreaming, where the needs of vulnerable groups like immigrants are integrated into broader policies such as employment and education, rather than addressed through separate interventions. To analyze this trend, the author develops a Policy Index of Mainstreaming in Labour Market Support, covering data from 2006 to 2016 across 25 EU/EEA countries. The paper examines the scope of mainstreaming and the level of access to these mainstreamed policies for different migrant groups. It reveals that although mainstreaming challenges traditional integration models, political ideology does not always lead to significant institutional changes. This finding supports the historical-institutionalist view that policy change is often compatible with existing institutional frameworks. The Index uncovers varied policy patterns across countries, showing a complex landscape in how migrants are integrated into labor market policies. It also highlights that some countries have been more successful than others in incorporating migrant needs into mainstream policies. Despite differences in political climates, the general trend has been toward a more inclusive approach. However, the paper also points out that challenges remain, especially for groups with more specific needs. It concludes that mainstreaming has the potential to create more cohesive integration strategies, but its full implementation requires overcoming institutional and political obstacles. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader understanding of how immigration policies evolve within the framework of European labor markets.

In recent years, the number of Ukrainian workers in Poland's construction sector has significantly increased, reflecting the growing demand for labor in the industry. Ukrainian workers are now the largest foreign workforce group in Poland, contributing to over 450,000 jobs in construction in 2022 alone. Their skills, particularly in interior finishing, play a crucial role in the successful completion of many projects. However, employing Ukrainian workers presents challenges, including bureaucratic hurdles, language barriers, and the need for legal documentation. Despite these challenges, the motivation for many Ukrainians to work in Poland is the opportunity for higher wages and better living conditions compared to Ukraine. Polish employers must adapt by working with employment agencies to navigate these obstacles and ensure smoother recruitment. Ukrainian workers also show great flexibility and integration abilities, quickly learning the Polish language and assimilating into local communities. Their presence significantly impacts development projects, making them vital to the success and profitability of real estate investments in Poland. The integration of Ukrainian workers in the workplace can be facilitated by offering support in accommodation and language courses. Good communication and teamwork between employers and Ukrainian workers contribute to a positive working environment, fostering better cooperation. While some employers are concerned about the bureaucratic complexities of hiring migrants, these challenges are becoming more manageable as hiring migrant workers becomes increasingly standard in Poland. Looking ahead, Ukrainian workers will continue to play a key role in the development of Poland's construction sector, helping to address labor shortages and contribute to the industry's growth.

The Polish construction market is developing dynamically, and Ukrainian workers play a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for labor. In the face of worker shortages, their presence is not only necessary but also beneficial for the entire construction sector. Ukrainians are primarily employed in interior finishing and other construction work, significantly contributing to the completion of various projects that might otherwise be delayed. Their motivation to work in Poland stems from higher wages, better living conditions, and greater job stability compared to Ukraine. However, their employment involves several challenges, including bureaucratic hurdles, language barriers, and difficulties in adapting to new living conditions. Despite these obstacles, Ukrainian workers are highly valued for their flexibility, commitment, and willingness to work, which makes them attractive to Polish employers.

The formal employment of foreign workers in Poland requires specific permits, and in 2022 alone, over 1.8 million work declarations were issued for foreigners, illustrating the growing demand for their labor. However, legal complexities and documentation requirements can be discouraging for both employers and employees. To facilitate the integration of Ukrainian workers, employment agencies play a crucial role in assisting with formalities and providing necessary support. Good relations between Polish employers and Ukrainian workers are essential for improving workplace efficiency and fostering trust. Proper treatment, fair wages, and integration efforts contribute to a more stable and productive workforce. Looking ahead, the employment of Ukrainian workers in Poland is expected to remain significant, with nearly 49% of Polish companies already employing them in 2023. The political situation in Ukraine will continue to influence migration trends, but for now, Ukrainian workers remain a key pillar of the Polish construction industry.

Before the 2022 war, over 1 million Ukrainians lived legally in Poland, but Russia’s invasion brought around 1.5 million new Ukrainian refugees. By September 2023, 970,000 Ukrainian refugees remained in Poland under temporary protection. This paper analyzes data from a 2022 survey comparing pre-war and forced Ukrainian migrants to understand how to support the economic integration of the latter. The two groups differ in gender, age, family status, employment-seeking methods, and work aspirations. Despite 66% of respondents having tertiary education, only 30% of refugees spoke Polish, highlighting the need for language training. The study recommends providing language courses and employment support to help refugees find jobs matching their qualifications.

Survey results show that recent refugees are mainly highly educated women with children, unlike pre-war Ukrainian migrants, who were primarily economic workers in lower-skilled jobs. Poland’s 2022 Act introduced long-term integration support, but implementation remains a challenge. The study supports migration self-selection theory, showing that economic migrants and refugees experience different labor market trajectories. Language courses are widely accepted, but full economic integration of Ukrainian refugees faces public resistance. Some refugees are moving to Germany, likely due to better wages and welfare, rather than safety concerns. To foster integration, Poland needs national and local strategies to inform society about refugees’ contributions and encourage businesses to hire them.

Poland has historically lacked a comprehensive migration policy, partly because it was traditionally a country with negative net migration. However, in the past five to eight years, this trend has reversed, making migration a key issue for Poland’s future. In late 2024, the government introduced its first official migration strategy for 2025–2030, focusing on security and adaptability to changing geopolitical and social conditions. The policy aims to balance national needs with EU principles while addressing the lessons learned from Western European countries that have faced social unrest due to inconsistent migration policies. Poland's demographic challenges, including an aging population and labor shortages, have accelerated the need for a structured migration approach. The strategy acknowledges that migration alone cannot solve these issues and highlights the importance of education, labor market integration, and social inclusion. Poland has shifted from an "employer’s market" to a "worker’s market," increasing demand for foreign labor, particularly from countries in Asia and Africa. However, the government warns against excessive reliance on low-cost migrant labor, which could slow automation, innovation, and economic growth. Instead, the strategy promotes a sustainable approach based on mutual obligations between migrants and the host country. Migrants are expected to integrate by learning the Polish language and respecting local cultural norms, while the state must support their inclusion and workforce participation. Migration policies should be flexible, allowing for rapid responses to crises such as war or natural disasters. Lastly, Poland’s approach to migration should not only serve national interests but also consider broader geopolitical and economic trends within the European Union.

The study by Gremi Personal shows that for 39% of Ukrainians, salaries are the main motivation for looking for work in Poland, while for 27%, it’s the lack of employment in Ukraine. Despite a year and a half passing since the outbreak of the war, Ukrainians continue to search for work in Poland in large numbers. Before the war, most came for a short period and then returned to Ukraine, but now their approach has changed, and they are more demanding when it comes to working conditions. Many people are striving for more qualified positions or retraining, which has become a new trend. The study also indicates that some Ukrainians treat Poland as a transit country, planning to move on to Germany, the Netherlands, or Canada. Ukrainians appreciate Poland for its cultural and linguistic proximity and the large number of their compatriots. Good salaries are important for 13% of respondents, and 11% believe that living in Poland is cheaper than in other European countries. For 9%, the Polish language is easier to learn than other foreign languages. When choosing a job, Ukrainians prioritize salary, comfort at work, and location. Less important are convenient working hours and career development opportunities. The study shows that Ukrainians working in Poland are increasingly expecting higher positions and better conditions, and their approach to work is becoming more professional. For many, Poland is a transit country that provides stability until further migration. Additionally, Ukrainians’ preferences when choosing a job mainly focus on wages and comfort at work, rather than flexible hours or promotion opportunities. They also value Poland for its relatively lower cost of living compared to other European countries. Some Ukrainians who have already settled in Poland are taking courses and gaining new skills to improve their qualifications and secure better jobs.

The Polish government plans to limit the "800+" program for Ukrainian refugees who do not work or pay taxes. The program provides 800 PLN per month for each child under 18. The decision aims to direct aid to those contributing to the economy. Prime Minister Donald Tusk and other politicians support this change. The new rules could affect thousands of Ukrainian families. The benefit was meant to support refugee integration, but cost concerns arose. The government stresses the need for savings and fair distribution. Critics warn that limiting the program may worsen conditions for many families. Some fear this change could increase social tensions. The decision has sparked public debate in Poland.

Polish attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees have evolved over time. Initially, support and empathy were dominant. Now, the number of people with a negative opinion has risen to 22%. About 38% of Poles remain neutral toward refugees. The highest level of negative opinions is among those aged 25-34. Older generations show greater acceptance. The main reasons for this shift are economic and social concerns. Some worry about the job market and social benefits. Others believe aid should be limited. Still, many Poles continue to support refugees. Studies suggest that attitudes may keep changing.