Before the 2022 war, over 1 million Ukrainians lived legally in Poland, but Russia’s invasion brought around 1.5 million new Ukrainian refugees. By September 2023, 970,000 Ukrainian refugees remained in Poland under temporary protection. This paper analyzes data from a 2022 survey comparing pre-war and forced Ukrainian migrants to understand how to support the economic integration of the latter. The two groups differ in gender, age, family status, employment-seeking methods, and work aspirations. Despite 66% of respondents having tertiary education, only 30% of refugees spoke Polish, highlighting the need for language training. The study recommends providing language courses and employment support to help refugees find jobs matching their qualifications.

Survey results show that recent refugees are mainly highly educated women with children, unlike pre-war Ukrainian migrants, who were primarily economic workers in lower-skilled jobs. Poland’s 2022 Act introduced long-term integration support, but implementation remains a challenge. The study supports migration self-selection theory, showing that economic migrants and refugees experience different labor market trajectories. Language courses are widely accepted, but full economic integration of Ukrainian refugees faces public resistance. Some refugees are moving to Germany, likely due to better wages and welfare, rather than safety concerns. To foster integration, Poland needs national and local strategies to inform society about refugees’ contributions and encourage businesses to hire them.

Poland has historically lacked a comprehensive migration policy, partly because it was traditionally a country with negative net migration. However, in the past five to eight years, this trend has reversed, making migration a key issue for Poland’s future. In late 2024, the government introduced its first official migration strategy for 2025–2030, focusing on security and adaptability to changing geopolitical and social conditions. The policy aims to balance national needs with EU principles while addressing the lessons learned from Western European countries that have faced social unrest due to inconsistent migration policies. Poland's demographic challenges, including an aging population and labor shortages, have accelerated the need for a structured migration approach. The strategy acknowledges that migration alone cannot solve these issues and highlights the importance of education, labor market integration, and social inclusion. Poland has shifted from an "employer’s market" to a "worker’s market," increasing demand for foreign labor, particularly from countries in Asia and Africa. However, the government warns against excessive reliance on low-cost migrant labor, which could slow automation, innovation, and economic growth. Instead, the strategy promotes a sustainable approach based on mutual obligations between migrants and the host country. Migrants are expected to integrate by learning the Polish language and respecting local cultural norms, while the state must support their inclusion and workforce participation. Migration policies should be flexible, allowing for rapid responses to crises such as war or natural disasters. Lastly, Poland’s approach to migration should not only serve national interests but also consider broader geopolitical and economic trends within the European Union.

The study by Gremi Personal shows that for 39% of Ukrainians, salaries are the main motivation for looking for work in Poland, while for 27%, it’s the lack of employment in Ukraine. Despite a year and a half passing since the outbreak of the war, Ukrainians continue to search for work in Poland in large numbers. Before the war, most came for a short period and then returned to Ukraine, but now their approach has changed, and they are more demanding when it comes to working conditions. Many people are striving for more qualified positions or retraining, which has become a new trend. The study also indicates that some Ukrainians treat Poland as a transit country, planning to move on to Germany, the Netherlands, or Canada. Ukrainians appreciate Poland for its cultural and linguistic proximity and the large number of their compatriots. Good salaries are important for 13% of respondents, and 11% believe that living in Poland is cheaper than in other European countries. For 9%, the Polish language is easier to learn than other foreign languages. When choosing a job, Ukrainians prioritize salary, comfort at work, and location. Less important are convenient working hours and career development opportunities. The study shows that Ukrainians working in Poland are increasingly expecting higher positions and better conditions, and their approach to work is becoming more professional. For many, Poland is a transit country that provides stability until further migration. Additionally, Ukrainians’ preferences when choosing a job mainly focus on wages and comfort at work, rather than flexible hours or promotion opportunities. They also value Poland for its relatively lower cost of living compared to other European countries. Some Ukrainians who have already settled in Poland are taking courses and gaining new skills to improve their qualifications and secure better jobs.

The Polish government plans to limit the "800+" program for Ukrainian refugees who do not work or pay taxes. The program provides 800 PLN per month for each child under 18. The decision aims to direct aid to those contributing to the economy. Prime Minister Donald Tusk and other politicians support this change. The new rules could affect thousands of Ukrainian families. The benefit was meant to support refugee integration, but cost concerns arose. The government stresses the need for savings and fair distribution. Critics warn that limiting the program may worsen conditions for many families. Some fear this change could increase social tensions. The decision has sparked public debate in Poland.

Polish attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees have evolved over time. Initially, support and empathy were dominant. Now, the number of people with a negative opinion has risen to 22%. About 38% of Poles remain neutral toward refugees. The highest level of negative opinions is among those aged 25-34. Older generations show greater acceptance. The main reasons for this shift are economic and social concerns. Some worry about the job market and social benefits. Others believe aid should be limited. Still, many Poles continue to support refugees. Studies suggest that attitudes may keep changing.